Bug Hunt Speeds with Bird and Spider Predators

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WHAT IS IT?

This is a natural/artificial selection model that shows the result of two competing forces on natural selection of the speed of prey. Which force dominates depends on the behavior of predators.

One force is that predators that chase prey, tend to catch slower moving prey more often, thereby selecting for prey that are faster over many generations of offspring.

Another force is that predators who wait for their prey without moving, tend to catch prey that are moving faster more often, thereby selecting for prey that are slower over many generations of offspring.

By also adjusting whether bugs try to avoid the predator and the predictability of their motion, a different one of these competing forces will tend to dominate the selective pressure on the population.

HOW IT WORKS

You assume the role of a predator amongst a population of bugs. To begin your pursuit of bugs as a predator, press SETUP to create a population of bugs, determined by six times the INITIAL-BUGS-EACH-SPEED slider. These bugs that are created are randomly distributed around the world and assigned a speed.

When you press GO the bugs begin to move at their designated speeds. As they move around, try to eat as many bugs as fast as you can by clicking on them. Alternatively, you may hold the mouse button down and move the predator over the bugs.

The six different speeds that a bug might move at are distributed amongst six different sub-populations of the bugs. These speeds are inherited. With each bug you eat, a new bug is randomly chosen from the population to produce one offspring. The offspring is an exact duplicate of the parent (in its speed and location). The creation of new offspring keeps the overall population of the bugs constant.

Initially there are equal numbers of each sub-population of bug (e.g. ten bugs at each of the 6 speeds). Over time, however, as you eat bugs, the distribution of the bugs will change as shown in the "Number of bugs" histogram. In the histogram, you might see the distribution shift to the left (showing that more slow bugs are surviving) or to the right (showing that more fast bugs are surviving). Sometimes one sub-population of a single speed of bug will be exterminated. At this point, no other bugs of this speed can be created in the population.

HOW TO USE IT

INITIAL-BUGS-EACH-SPEED is the number of bugs you start with in each of the six sub-populations. The overall population of bugs is determined by multiplying this value by 6.

SHOW-COLORS? helps you apply or remove color visualization based on the speed of the bugs. When turned on, it shows 6 distinct colors for the 6 different speeds a bug might have. These color settings correspond to the plot pen colors in the graphs. When turned off, each bug is colored gray. This prevents the predator (the model player) from unintentionally selecting bugs based on color.

NUMBER OF BUGS is a histogram showing the distribution of bugs at different speeds.

BUGS CAUGHT is a histogram showing the historical record of the distribution of bugs caught at different speeds.

WIGGLE?, when set to "on" adds a small amount of random twist in the motion of the bugs as they move forward each time step.

FLEE?, when set to "on" has bugs turn around (to face in the opposite direction) when they detect your mouse click (as a predator) in their detection cone (an arc of 120 degrees that has a range of 2 units). Bugs can detect the predator only in this arc in front of them, and so will not react when caught from behind.

THINGS TO NOTICE

The CURRENT BUGS histogram tends to shift right (increasing average speed) if you assume the role of chasing easy prey.

The CURRENT BUGS histogram tends to shift left (decreasing average speed) if you assume the role of waiting for prey come to you. The same effect can also be achieved by moving the predator around the world randomly.

THINGS TO TRY

Set the model up with INITIAL-BUGS-EACH-SPEED set to 1. Slow the model down and watch where new bugs come from when you eat a bug. You should see a new bug hatch from one of the five remaining and it should be moving at the same speed as its parent.

Wait in one location for the bugs to come to you by placing the predator in one location and holding down the mouse button. All bugs that run into you will be eaten.

Chase bugs around trying to catch the bug nearest you at any one time by holding the mouse button down and moving the predator around the view after the nearest bug.

EXTENDING THE MODEL

A HubNet version of the model with adjustable starting populations of bugs would help show what happens when two or more competitors assume similar vs. different hunting strategies on the same population at the same time.

RELATED MODELS

Bug Hunt Camouflage

CREDITS AND REFERENCES

Inspired by EvoDots software: https://faculty.washington.edu/herronjc/SoftwareFolder/EvoDots.html

HOW TO CITE

If you mention this model or the NetLogo software in a publication, we ask that you include the citations below.

For the model itself:

Novak, M. and Wilensky, U. (2005). NetLogo Bug Hunt Speeds model. http://ccl.northwestern.edu/netlogo/models/BugHuntSpeeds. Center for Connected Learning and Computer-Based Modeling, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL.

Please cite the NetLogo software as:

Wilensky, U. (1999). NetLogo. http://ccl.northwestern.edu/netlogo/. Center for Connected Learning and Computer-Based Modeling, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL.

COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE

CC BY-NC-SA 3.0

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 License. To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 559 Nathan Abbott Way, Stanford, California 94305, USA.

Commercial licenses are also available. To inquire about commercial licenses, please contact Uri Wilensky at uri@northwestern.edu.

Comments and Questions

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Click to Run Model

breed [ predators predator ]

breed [ bugs bug ]

bugs-own [
  speed             ;; either 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6
]

predators-own [
  nearest-bug
]

globals [
  catches-by-speed  ;; a list of total bugs caught, where the list index is the speed minus one
]

to setup
  clear-all
  set-default-shape bugs "bug"

  ask patches [ set pcolor white ]   ;; white background
  set catches-by-speed n-values 6 [ 0 ]
  foreach [ 1 2 3 4 5 6 ] [ the-speed ->
    create-bugs initial-bugs-each-speed [ set speed the-speed ]
  ]
  ask bugs [
    setxy random-xcor random-ycor
    set-color
  ]
  ;; the predator breed contains one turtle that is used to represent
  ;; a predator of the bugs (a bird)
  create-predators 5 [
    ifelse predator-type = "Bird" [
      set shape "bird"
    ]
      [ set shape "spider"
    ]
    setxy random-xcor random-ycor
    set color black
    set size 2
  ]
  reset-ticks
end 

to go
  ;; use EVERY to limit the overall speed of the model

    check-caught
    if predator-type = "Bird" [
    ask predators [ move-predator ] ]
    ;; recolor the bugs in case the user changed SPEED-COLOR-MAP
    ask bugs [
      set-color
      move-bug

    ;; advance the clock without plotting

    ;; plotting takes time, so only plot every 10 ticks
    if ticks mod 10 = 0 [ update-plots ]
  ]
  tick
end 

to move-bug
  let candidate-predator nobody
  let target-heading 0

  if wiggle? [ right (random-float 45 - random-float 45) ]
  fd speed * 0.06

  ifelse predator-type = "Bird" [
    let predators-in-view predators in-cone 2 120
    ifelse any? predators-in-view [
      set candidate-predator one-of predators-in-view
      set target-heading 180 + towards candidate-predator
      set heading target-heading
      set label "!"
    ]
    [ set label "" ]
  ]
  [ set label "" ]
end 

to move-predator
  rt random 20
  lt random 20
  find-nearest-bug
  set heading towards nearest-bug
  fd 0.12
end 

to find-nearest-bug
  set nearest-bug min-one-of bugs [distance myself]
end 

to check-caught
  let prey [ bugs in-radius (size / 2) ] of one-of predators
  ;; no prey here? oh well
  if not any? prey [ stop ]
  ;; eat only one of the bugs at the mouse location
  ask one-of prey [
    let n item (speed - 1) catches-by-speed
    set catches-by-speed replace-item (speed - 1) catches-by-speed (n + 1)
    die
  ]
  ;; replace the eaten bug with a random offspring from the remaining population
  ask one-of bugs [ hatch 1 [ rt random 360 ] ]
end 

to-report colors-by-speed
  ;; report a list of bug colors by speed
  report [ violet blue green brown orange red ]
end 

to set-color  ;; turtle procedure
  set color item (speed - 1) colors-by-speed
end 


; Copyright 2005 Uri Wilensky.
; See Info tab for full copyright and license.

There is only one version of this model, created about 5 years ago by Vishwanath Varma.

Attached files

File	Type	Description	Last updated
Bug Hunt Speeds with Bird and Spider Predators.png	preview	Preview for 'Bug Hunt Speeds with Bird and Spider Predators'	about 5 years ago, by Vishwanath Varma	Download

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