Nematodes
Do you have questions or comments about this model? Ask them here! (You'll first need to log in.)
WHAT IS IT?
This is a model of how fertility rates and population sizes affect the rate of evolution.
Every tick is a generation, where each organism reproduces asexually, and its offspring inherit its fertility. If the population rises above the terrain's carrying capacity, organisms randomly die (starve) until the population is reduced below the terrain's carrying capacity. Worms can also die based on the amount of energy they have.
Each time a worm is born, there is a probability that is born either a male or female. If the fertility rate of the offspring does change, the model chooses a random number in probability. In this way, the offspring's fertility maybe slightly higher or slightly lower than its parent's. There can be a preference or no preference of a male to reproduce.
HOW TO USE IT
Always use the SETUP button at the start of these models to initialize the population of organisms.
The CARRYING-CAPACITY slider sets the carrying capacity of the terrain. The model is initialized to have a total population of CARRYING-CAPACITY.
The GO button runs the model. Clicking it again stops the model.
The POPULATION plot displays the number of organisms currently in the population.
The SWITCH can lead to producing different results, if it is either ON or OFF.
The LOG-FERTILITY-RATE slider sets the probability that an organism's fertility rate changes at reproduction. The log base is 10, so -1 = 0.1 and -2 = 0.01, and so on.
THINGS TO NOTICE
Take a look at the graph and see what trends you can analyze.
THINGS TO TRY
Try adjusting the sliders and rerun the experiment. Does the population evolve faster or slower? Why?
Now set the carrying capacity between 1 and 1000 and re-run the experiment. Does the larger population evolve faster or slower? Why?
EXTENDING THE MODEL
If you want to download the model and change the code, try changing the switch for other things.
You can also include more switches for other scenarios
Please cite the NetLogo software as:
- Wilensky, U. (1999). NetLogo. http://ccl.northwestern.edu/netlogo/. Center for Connected Learning and Computer-Based Modeling, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL.
NETLOGO FEATURES
The model draws features that you can see from the wolf-sheep model and simple births model.
CREDITS AND REFERENCES
To cite the original model itself:
- Wilensky, U. (1997). NetLogo Simple Birth Rates model. http://ccl.northwestern.edu/netlogo/models/SimpleBirthRates. Center for Connected Learning and Computer-Based Modeling, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL.
Copyright 1997 Uri Wilensky.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 License. To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 559 Nathan Abbott Way, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
Commercial licenses are also available. To inquire about commercial licenses, please contact Uri Wilensky at uri@northwestern.edu.
Comments and Questions
;Every tick is a generation, where each organism reproduces asexually, and its offspring inherit its fertility breed[males a-male] breed[hermaphrodites a-hermaphrodites] globals [ ;fertility is used in a slider and can determine probability of turtles min-fertility max-fertility max-fertility-range degree-of-fertility fertility-rate ] turtles-own [ energy ;energy for each kind of worm male? ; if true, worm born is male hermaphrodite? ; if true, the worm born is hermaphrodite fertility ; the whole number of fertility fertility-remainder ; the fractional part ] to setup clear-all setup-worms set min-fertility 1 set max-fertility-range 3 reset-ticks set fertility-rate(10 ^ log-fertility-rate) set degree-of-fertility 0.1 setup-worms end to setup-worms clear-patches clear-turtles clear-all-plots clear-ticks ;sets population of two distinct kind of worms randomly across viewer create-males carrying-capacity-for-males [ let temp-fertility min-fertility setxy random-xcor random-ycor ; make and set random turtle locations set energy 10 set color blue set size 2 set male? false set hermaphrodite? false set shape "caterpillar" set fertility 1 set fertility-remainder 0 ; each worm has a 50% chance of starting out male. if (random-float 100 < 50) [ set male? true set hermaphrodite? false ] ] create-hermaphrodites carrying-capacity-for-hermaphrodites ;same as initial number [ let temp-fertility min-fertility setxy random-xcor random-ycor ; make and set random turtle locations set energy 10 set color red set size 2 set male? false set hermaphrodite? false set shape "caterpillar" set fertility 1 set fertility-remainder 0 ; each worm has a 50% chance of starting out hermaphrodite if (random-float 100 < 50) [ set male? false set hermaphrodite? true ] ] reset-ticks end to go reproduce cease cease2 tick end ;preference for hermaphrodites on and off switch ;don't mix with the breed function and variable on Netlogo, this means breed with males or not to breed-males ask hermaphrodites [ if pcolor = blue [ set pcolor red]] ; asking turtles and turtle procedure ifelse preference-for-males? [set label males] [set label ""] end to assign-color ; turtle procedure if male? [set color blue] if hermaphrodite? [set color red] end to wiggle ;; turtle procedure rt random 40 fd random 40 if not can-move? 1 [ rt 180 ] end ; reproduction for the nematodes to reproduce ask Hermaphrodites [ ifelse (random-float 100) < (100 ) [ hatch 1 [ wiggle ]] [ hatch 1 [wiggle ]] set energy 10 ] end ; kill worms in excess of carrying capacity. This limits the number of worms on viewer. ; note that red and blue worms have equal probability of dying to cease2 ;When there are too many hermaphrodites in the area let num-turtles count turtles if num-turtles <= carrying-capacity-for-hermaphrodites [ stop ] let chance-to-die (num-turtles - carrying-capacity-for-hermaphrodites) / num-turtles ask turtles [ if random-float 1.0 < chance-to-die [ die ] ] end to cease ; when there are too many males in the area let num-turtles count turtles if num-turtles <= carrying-capacity-for-males [ stop ] let chance-to-die (num-turtles - carrying-capacity-for-males) / num-turtles ask turtles [ if random-float 1.0 < chance-to-die [ die ] ] end ;worms can die from overpopulation or insufficient amount of energy to die-by-energy if energy <= 0 [ die ] ; When energy dips at or below zero, the worm dies end ;;problem with males reproducing, males cannot reproduce on their own... Only hermaphrodites
There are 2 versions of this model.
Attached files
File | Type | Description | Last updated | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Nematodes.png | preview | Preview for 'Nematodes' | over 4 years ago, by Kenneth Brito | Download |
This model does not have any ancestors.
This model does not have any descendants.