Social network in Labour Market

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;; Labor market model extended with social network job search matching

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extensions[csv nw table rnd] ;; For reading/writing CSV files; create network; store temporatory date in table

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;; Agent

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breed [seekers seeker]
breed [companies company]
breed [vacancies vacancy]
breed [occupations occupation]
breed [agencies agency]          ; Represents intermediaries that may help match job seekers and companies.
undirected-link-breed [PSNs PSN] ; Personal social network links
PSNs-own [weight]                ; Represents the weight of the influence of social network resources
undirected-link-breed [NGs NG]   ; Negotiation link between seeker and vacancy
NGs-own[competence Nwage]
undirected-link-breed [EMPs EMP] ; Employment link between seeker and company
links-own [Lstrategy]
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;; Global variable
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globals [
NRI-SL-wage-pair
mean-wages
  unemployment-history
  vacancy-history
  mean-wage-history
  market-tightness  ;;Labor market tension (number of jobs/number of unemployments)
  log-income-bins
  tolerance
  success-FS success-SS success-R;;三种寻找方式的成功数量
  wage-diff-FS wage-diff-SS wage-diff-R;;三种寻找方式工资的回报率
  wage-FS wage-SS wage-R
    wage-diff-table
  wage-table
  success-table
 V-rate
 U-rate

]
occupations-own[
  vacancy-value  ;; The economic value of the job opening to the company.
  asof-wage
  age            ;; Tracks how long the vacancy has remained open; older vacancies may increase wages to attract applicants.
  candidate-list ;; The list of seekers who have applied or been recommended for the vacancy.
  wage          ;; The offered salary, subject to negotiation based on candidate expectations and fit.
  average-demand
  filled-value  ;; The value if the vacancy is occupied.
  offered-wage  ;; The initial salary
  filled?       ;; Boolean indicating whether the position has been filled.
  MC            ;; The mother company (employer) managing the vacancy
  skill-demand  ;; The skill level required for the position (1 = low, 2 = medium, 3 = high).
  industry      ;; A reserved attribute to represent sectoral classification.
  hiring?       ;;whether this job is still hiring
]

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;; Job seeker
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seekers-own [

strategy
    wage-diff
  my-payoff
  unemployment-value ;;Value of job seekers when unemployed
 ; tolerance          ;;Tolerance of low wages,this affects the acceptance of offers below the desired salary
  offers
  best-offer
  best-wage
  AS?                ;;Whether or not to search aggressively,deciding whether or not to use enhanced social network searches
  my-company
  expected-wage      ;;Expected wages of job seekers, dynamically changing during initialization and negotiation
  prestige           ;;To calculate Network Resource Index
  NRI                ;;Network Resource Index decides the value if the company hires the agent
  offer-list
  duration           ;;Unemployment duration
  skill-level
  strategy-set
  education-level
  work-experience
  sex
  age
  degree
  graduates?
  ;daily-contacts   ;; A randomly generated number of daily contacts (between 6 and 10), used to form social ties.
  salary
  expected-salary
  job-seeked?      ;; Whether employed or not
  my-wage
    assigned-wage
]

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;; Company
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companies-own [
  ;;social-impact      ;TBD
  vaca                ;; A dynamic list of current vacancies linked to the company.
  std-production      ;; Standard value
  mean-production     ;; Placeholder variables intended for tracking variability in company output.
  production-level    ;; The firm's current production capacity, which is influenced by successful hiring and strategic adjustments.
  ;growth-rate         ;; A factor to simulate productivity growth (currently static but extendable with stochastic elements).
  hiring-value        ;; A derived variable calculated from the value of filled positions and the social capital (NRI) of hired seekers.;
  Etype               ;; Ownership type of the firm, categorized as public (pub), independent (ind), or foreign-funded (for), assigned probabilistically to reflect market structure.
  hired-list          ;; A container to keep track of recruited seekers.
  position-adjustment ;; Determines whether new positions will be added or reduced in the next round, based on productivity.
  total-cost          ;; Reserved for accounting total hiring and wage expenditures.
]

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;; Job vacancy
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vacancies-own[
   asof-wage
  vacancy-value  ;; The economic value of the job opening to the company.
  age            ;; Tracks how long the vacancy has remained open; older vacancies may increase wages to attract applicants.
  candidate-list ;; The list of seekers who have applied or been recommended for the vacancy.
  wage          ;; The offered salary, subject to negotiation based on candidate expectations and fit.
  average-demand
  filled-value  ;; The value if the vacancy is occupied.
  offered-wage  ;; The initial salary
  filled?       ;; Boolean indicating whether the position has been filled.
  MC            ;; The mother company (employer) managing the vacancy
  skill-demand  ;; The skill level required for the position (1 = low, 2 = medium, 3 = high).
  industry      ;; A reserved attribute to represent sectoral classification.
  hiring?       ;;whether this job is still hiring
]

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;; Agency;;TBD
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agencies-own [
  matching-efficiency ;; Represents the agency’s effectiveness in connecting seekers with appropriate vacancies.
  reigistered-workers];; A list or count of job seekers enrolled with the agency.


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;; Social network setup
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to generate-network
create-companies num-companies [setup-companies]
  (ifelse network-type = "Small-World"
 [nw:generate-watts-strogatz seekers PSNs num-seekers 5 rewire-probability  ; Set up small-world network
    ask PSNs [set weight 1]]
  network-type = "BA" [nw:generate-preferential-attachment seekers PSNs num-seekers 3
    ask PSNs [set weight 1]]
    [nw:generate-random seekers PSNs num-seekers 0.03
      ask PSNs [set weight 1]])
 setup-seekers
 repeat 25 [layout-spring turtles PSNs 0.8 20 1]   ; Visualize the layout of social networks
 ask links [hide-link]
end 


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;; Create job seeker

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to setup-seekers
  set NRI-SL-wage-pair (list)
  set wage-diff-table table:make
  set wage-table table:make
  set success-table table:make
 ask seekers [
 set shape "person"
    ;set my-company nobody
    set AS? false ;Whether to use agency search strategy
    ;; Set initial employment status
   set my-company
    ifelse-value random-float 1 < jobless-rate
    [nobody]          ; According to the unemployment rate ratio, some people will be unemployed from the beginning
    [one-of companies]; Otherwise, hire randomly to a company
    if my-company != nobody [
      set color green ; Green for employed people
      create-EMP-with my-company ; Create a Employment Link（EMP link）
      move-to one-of [patches in-radius 5] of my-company ; Create an EMP link
    ]
    ;; Set skill-level (artificially divided into 3 levels)
    let SL-i random-float 1
    set skill-level (
      ifelse-value SL-i < 0.1 [random-float 3 + 13] ; 15% High Skill
      SL-i < 0.25 [random-float 3 + 10]               ; 25% Medium Skill
      SL-i < 0.4 [random-float 3 + 7]
      SL-i < 0.65 [random-float 3 + 4]
      [random-float 3 + 1]                          ; 60% Low Skill
    )
    ;; Set expected salary: minimum salary + skills * 1000
    ;let base-wage  skill-level * 200 + minimum-wage

let bin rnd:weighted-one-of-list log-income-bins [ [x] -> last x ]
let lower first bin
let upper item 1 bin
let log-income lower + random-float (upper - lower)
set assigned-wage exp(log-income) * (1 + (skill-level / 20))
set expected-wage assigned-wage * (1 + (random-float 0.3 - 0.05))
    ;set expected-wage 10 ^ sample-log-income * (1 + skill-level / 20.0)

    ;set tolerance 0.01 ; Tolerance during salary negotiation affects whether to accept an offer
    ;; The setting of social status prestige
    let prestige-i random-float 1
    set prestige (
      ifelse-value prestige-i < 0.15 [2]      ; 15% High status
      prestige-i < 0.85 [1]                 ; 70% Medium status
      [0.5]                                     ; 15% Low status
    )
    ;; Set global variables: all unemployed people set UMP

    ;set daily-contacts random 5 + 6 ;  6~10 contacts
    ;; Create random social links through daily-contacts (no duplication with already connected people)
    create-PSNs-with
      n-of daily-contacts other seekers who-are-not link-neighbors
      [set weight 0.5] ; The strength of the initial social relationship is 0.5
  ]
  ;set UMP seekers with [my-company = nobody]
    ask seekers with [my-company = nobody] [set color red] ; The unemployed are shown in red
  ;; Calculate NRI：Network Resource Index，Used to simulate the ability of a person to get help through social interaction.
  ask seekers [
  set NRI sum [prestige * [weight] of PSN-with myself] of PSN-neighbors

  ]
end 


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;; Create agency

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to setup-agencies
end 

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;; Create company

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to setup-companies
 setxy random 10 - 5 random 10 - 5 set color white set shape "house"
 set vaca no-turtles                                                ;; Initialization The company has no vacancy yet
 set production-level 10                                            ;; The default company productivity level is set to 10
 let Ei random-float 1                                              ;; precent of company type
 set Etype (ifelse-value Ei < 0.6 ["pub"] Ei < 0.35 ["ind"] ["for"]);; 60% public,25% indepedent,15% foreign
end 


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;; Model initialization setup

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to setup
  __clear-all-and-reset-ticks
  set log-income-bins
    [[6.2   6.4   0.000348675034867503]
    [6.4   6.6   0.000174337517433752]
    [6.6   6.8   0.000698700348675035]
    [6.8   7.0   0.000698700348675035]
    [7.0   7.2   0.00157103757103757]
    [7.2   7.4   0.00362811791280149]
    [7.4   7.6   0.00675034867503486]
    [7.6   7.8   0.0128840970350404]
    [7.8   8.0   0.0215402843601896]
    [8.0   8.2   0.0333216726220632]
    [8.2   8.4   0.0445386192310276]
    [8.4   8.6   0.0542782288111644]
    [8.6   8.8   0.0583664459161148]
    [8.8   9.0   0.0568432407763511]
    [9.0   9.2   0.0510662177329532]
    [9.2   9.4   0.0422757051773294]
    [9.4   9.6   0.0333962729316361]
    [9.6   9.8   0.0272430472648114]
    [9.8  10.0   0.0208178785056326]
    [10.0 10.2   0.0163269605372615]
    [10.2 10.4   0.0138058540841553]
    [10.4 10.6   0.0112847476310491]
    [10.6 10.8   0.00801423723490814]
    [10.8 11.0   0.00586703096539162]
    [11.0 11.2   0.00464322638324506]
    [11.2 11.4   0.00326982097109785]
    [11.4 11.6   0.00219821382605634]
    [11.6 11.8   0.00139600928620765]
    [11.8 12.0   0.000698700348675035]
  ]
  set tolerance initial-tolerance
  generate-network
  initialize-vacancies
  ;; Initialize records
  set unemployment-history []
  set vacancy-history []
  set mean-wage-history []
  vacancies-to-occupations
end 

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;; initialize-vacancies
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to initialize-vacancies
  let total-vacancies 1000

  while [count vacancies < total-vacancies] [
    new-vacancy (one-of companies) 1
  ]
    ask vacancies [set offered-wage asof-wage * (1 - random-float 0.04)]
end 

to new-vacancy[belong-company num]
  let target-initial-unfilled initial-vacancies
  ask belong-company [
      hatch-vacancies num [

        let bin rnd:weighted-one-of-list log-income-bins [ [x] -> last x ]
        let lower first bin
        let upper item 1 bin
        let log-income lower + random-float (upper - lower)

        set hiring? true
        let SD-i random-float 1
        set skill-demand (
          ifelse-value SD-i < 0.1 [random-float 3 + 13]
          SD-i < 0.25 [random-float 3 + 10]
          SD-i < 0.4 [random-float 3 + 7]
          SD-i < 0.65 [random-float 3 + 4]
          [random-float 3 + 1]
        )
        set shape "dot"
        set color brown
        set MC myself
        set filled-value 0
        set asof-wage exp(log-income) * (1 + skill-demand / 20)
        set age 0

        set filled? (count vacancies > target-initial-unfilled)


        move-to mc rt random 360 fd 1.5 set size 1
        create-EMP-with MC
      ]
      set vaca vacancies with [EMP-neighbor? myself = true]
    ]
end 

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;; Model simulation
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to go
  if ticks >= 10 and count vacancies = 0 [
    export-wage-data
   ;export-beveridge-data
    stop
  ]    ;; The first 12 monthes are warm-up
，The simulation duration is set to 500 ticks
 ;update-environment          ;; Update the current tightness of the labor market (ratio of jobs to job seekers).

 update-seekers
 update-vacancies
   ;record-beveridge
let current-wage-mean mean [expected-wage] of seekers with [my-company != nobody]
  set mean-wage-history lput current-wage-mean mean-wage-history
;   let current-unemployed-skill mean [skill-level] of seekers with [my-company = nobody]
 ; let current-opening-demand mean [skill-demand] of vacancies with [filled? = false]
;show count vacancies with [filled? = false]
;print(word "vac(f) " count vacancies with [filled? = false])

  if ticks > 1 [collect-ids]
 tick
;;update if looking next round, update social capital, update job search status
ifelse any? seekers with [my-company = nobody]
 [ask seekers with [my-company = nobody] [search]          ;; Have all unemployed people conduct formal/informal job search.
   wage-negotiation
     update-company][stop] ;;Updating productivity, deciding on a recruitment strategy for the next round, updating vacancy
end 

to update-seekers
  if  new-UMP?  [ask seekers with [my-company != nobody] [if random-float 1 <  ifelse-value network-type = "no-network" [0.0015] [0.0005]  [set my-company nobody  ask my-EMPs [die]]]]
 ;set UMP seekers with [my-company = nobody]    ; Filter out all job seekers who are currently unemployed
   ask seekers with [my-company = nobody] [
   set offers nobody                           ; Initialization: Clear the job opportunities received by each unemployed person.
       set duration duration + 1 ;; The longer you are unemployed, the more you tolerate low-wage jobs，
    if dynamic-adaption? [set tolerance tolerance + 0.01
      if ticks mod 2 = 0 [set expected-wage expected-wage * 0.9]]

   ; If a job seeker has been unemployed for more than one year or has a skill level below 2, there is an 80% chance that he or she will start looking for a job through an agency search.
   if AS? = false and (duration > 12 or skill-level < 2) [if random-float 1 < 0.8 [set AS? true]]
   set NRI NRI * 0.9 + 0.1 * count PSN-neighbors with [my-company != nobody]/ count PSN-neighbors
   set unemployment-value 0.6 * expected-wage + 0.4 * 0.8 * minimum-wage] ;Estimating the utility of unemployment
;  print (word "initial UMP count: " count seekers with [my-company = nobody])
end 

to update-vacancies
  ask vacancies[ set age age + 1
    ;Simulate the situation in real life when recruitment is difficult and companies raise salaries to attract talent.
    if dynamic-adaption? and  age > 5 [set offered-wage offered-wage * 1.05]] ;After a position exists for more than 5 ticks, the salary will increase by 1% every turn
end 

;;Job search process

to search
  ;; Initialize the recommended variables to empty
let recommendation no-turtles
  ;; Set the sensitivity parameter for wage-skill matching
let wage-eclasity 0.02 let skill-eclasity 1 / 14
  ;; Maximum number of positions to search each time
let search-unit 5
  ;; Social network recommendations: filter positions from friends' companies (my-company is not empty)
  ;; If the candidate is an enabled candidate (AS? = true)
if AS? [set search-unit (round search-unit * 1.5) ;; Increase the intensity of active search
    set recommendation n-of (min list 2 count vacancies with [1 - (skill-demand / [skill-level] of myself) < 1.1]) vacancies with [1 - (skill-demand / [skill-level] of myself) < 1.1]] ;;Mandatory recommendation of 2 positions that match agent's skills
; Filter socially recommended positions that match your skills and salary expectations
let social-search no-turtles
  if network-type != "no-network" [
  set social-search turtle-set [vaca] of (turtle-set [my-company] of PSN-neighbors with [my-company != nobody])
  set social-search (social-search) with [abs (1 - skill-demand / [skill-level] of myself) < [skill-eclasity] of myself and (abs 1 - offered-wage / [expected-wage] of myself) < wage-eclasity]]
; Search through formal channels (job board, etc.) for positions that meet the requirements
  let formal-search vacancies with [abs (1 - skill-demand / [skill-level] of myself) < skill-eclasity and (abs 1 - offered-wage / [expected-wage] of myself) < wage-eclasity]
 set formal-search one-of formal-search
    let offer-table table:make
  (table:put offer-table "FS" formal-search)
  (table:put offer-table "R" recommendation)
  if network-type != "no-network" [  (table:put offer-table "SS" social-search)]
foreach ["FS" "SS" "R"]
  [strategy-i ->
    if table:has-key? offer-table strategy-i and table:get offer-table strategy-i != nobody [
      let target table:get offer-table strategy-i

      ifelse is-agentset? target [
        create-NGs-with target [
          set Lstrategy strategy-i
          set color yellow
          set competence ([skill-level] of myself - [skill-demand] of other-end) * σ -
                         ([expected-wage] of myself - [offered-wage] of other-end)
          if strategy-i != "FS" [
            set competence competence * (1.05 + random-float 0.2 - 0.1)
          ]
        ]
      ][
        create-NG-with target [
          set Lstrategy strategy-i
          set color yellow
          set competence ([skill-level] of myself - [skill-demand] of other-end) * σ -
                         ([expected-wage] of myself - [offered-wage] of other-end)
          if strategy-i != "FS" [
            set competence competence * (1.05 + random-float 0.2 - 0.1)
          ]
        ]
      ]
  ]]end


;;Bargining for wage

to wage-negotiation
  ask vacancies with [count NG-neighbors > 0 and NG-neighbors != nobody]
  ;; Start negotiations for each position with a candidate
  [set average-demand mean [expected-wage] of NG-neighbors
    let vaca-now self
    ;For each candidate (sort by competence from high to low)
    foreach sort-on [[0 - competence] of NG-with myself] NG-neighbors [? -> if ? != nobody and filled? != false
     [let ewage [expected-wage] of ?
        ;; First offer = sticky part * (unemployment value + average expected salary + strategic reward)
      let first-wage ε * (0.5 * ([unemployment-value] of ? + 0.5 * average-demand ) + (500 * strategy-bonus ?)) + (1 - ε) * offered-wage
        ;; Salary negotiation: Consider skills match
      let bargain-wage ewage * ([skill-level] of ? / skill-demand) * σ
      let final-wage β * first-wage + (1 - β) * bargain-wage
        ;; Update personal best offer
        ask ? [if final-wage > [best-offer] of ? [set best-offer final-wage]]
        ask NG-with ? [set Nwage final-wage]
        ;; To check if the candidate is willing to accept
        let willingness ((final-wage - ewage) / ifelse-value ewage = 0[final-wage][ewage]) / (-1 * [ifelse-value tolerance != 0[tolerance][1]] of ?)
          (ifelse willingness > 1.5 [ask vaca-now [onboard ? set filled? true set hiring? false]]
            willingness > 1
            [ask NG-with ? [die]
              ]
  )]]]
        ;; All job seekers without a company, if they are still looking for a job, will choose the job with the highest bid
  ask seekers [while [my-company = nobody and count my-in-NGs > 0] [ask my-in-NGs [if Nwage = 0 [set Nwage [offered-wage] of other-end]] let targetVlink max-one-of my-in-NGs [Nwage]
    ask [other-end] of targetVlink [onboard myself]]]
end 

to-report strategy-bonus [x]
 let Fmethod 0
 if [AS?] of x = true [set Fmethod 0.5]
 let Gbonus1 0 let Gbonus2 0
  ;; Graduate bonus points
 ifelse [graduates?] of x = true [set Gbonus1 100][set Gbonus1 0]
 (ifelse [Etype] of mc = "PUB" [set Gbonus2 1.5] [Etype] of mc = "IND" [set Gbonus2 1] [set Gbonus2 0])
let Gbonus Gbonus1 * Gbonus2
 report Gbonus * (Fmethod + 1)
end 


;;update the value

to onboard [wk]
  set filled? true
  let nlink ng-with wk
  set wage [Nwage] of nlink
    ;; Company productivity calculation
  set filled-value filled-value * ([skill-level] of wk / skill-demand * σ)
    ;; Job seeker update status
  ask wk [set my-wage [Nwage] of nlink set wage-diff my-wage - expected-wage set expected-wage max (list expected-wage [Nwage] of nlink) set my-company [MC] of myself move-to one-of [patches in-radius 5] of my-company set color green]
    ;; Update company recruitment score
  ask MC [set hiring-value hiring-value + ([filled-value - wage] of myself)]
  ;; Clear the original negotiation connection
;  print (word "Hired: " [who] of wk " | Company: " [who] of MC)
let strat first [Lstrategy] of nlink
let wd [wage-diff] of wk
let mw [my-wage] of wk
  ifelse table:has-key? wage-diff-table strat [
  table:put wage-diff-table strat (table:get wage-diff-table strat) + wd
] [
    print "wrong"
  table:put wage-diff-table strat wd
]

ifelse table:has-key? wage-table strat [
  table:put wage-table strat (table:get wage-table strat) + mw
] [
    print "wrong"
  table:put wage-table strat mw
]

ifelse table:has-key? success-table strat [
  table:put success-table strat (table:get success-table strat) + 1
] [
 print "wrong"
  table:put success-table strat 1
]
  ask my-NGs [die]
end 

to update-company
 ask companies
 [set hiring-value hiring-value + 0.03 * (sum [NRI] of seekers with [my-company = myself]) ;; Update company recruitment scores based on job seeker willingness values
 ;; Production level forecast
 let anticipated-production-level production-level * (1 + growth-rate) + risk-buffer ;;growth-rate暂定为0，按照实际情况决定。同时建议growth-rate引入随机波动。
   set production-level production-level + hiring-value
   foreach range 15 [? -> let FV vaca with [filled? = true and (skill-demand - ?) ^ 2 < 1]
   if any? FV [let mean-wage mean [wage] of FV
   let department-hiring-value sum [filled-value - wage] of FV
        ;; If actual output is higher than forecast, expand job positions
     if production-level > anticipated-production-level [
    let new-vacancies (floor (production-level - anticipated-production-level)) + random 3
          new-vacancy self new-vacancies
  ]
        ;; If output is low, jobs will be eliminated
       if position-adjustment < 0 [let nvacas count vaca with [skill-demand = ?] ask n-of min (list (nvacas) (-1 * position-adjustment)) vaca with [skill-demand = ?] [set filled? true]]]]]
  ask vacancies with [filled? = true][hatch-occupations 1 [set hidden? true] die]
end 

to vacancies-to-occupations
  ask vacancies with [filled? = true][hatch-occupations 1 die]
end 

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;; Statistics and reporting process

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to-report risk-buffer
  let delta production-level - mean-production
  ;; Update mean production
  set mean-production (mean-production * (ticks - 1) + production-level) / ticks
  ;; Update standard production
  ifelse ticks - 1 > 0 [
    set std-production sqrt (delta * (production-level - mean-production) / (ticks - 1))
  ][
    set std-production 0
  ]
  ;; Returns the risk buffer value as a multiple of the 95% confidence interval
  report 1.96 * std-production
end 


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;;Data storage and export

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to collect-ids
  let strat-list (ifelse-value network-type = "no-network" [(list "R" "F")] [(list "R" "S" "F")])

  foreach strat-list [strat ->
    let s (table:get success-table strat)
    let w (table:get wage-table strat)
    let d (table:get wage-diff-table strat)
    if strat = "R"  [ set success-R s  set wage-R (w / s)  set wage-diff-R (d / s) ]
    if network-type != "no-network" and strat = "S" [ set success-SS s  set wage-SS (w / s)  set wage-diff-SS (d / s) ]
    if strat = "F" [ set success-FS s  set wage-FS (w / s)  set wage-diff-FS (d / s) ]
  ]

    set V-rate count (vacancies) / (count vacancies + count occupations)
    set U-rate count (seekers with [my-company = nobody]) / count seekers
  let wage-list table:to-list wage-table
  let success-list table:to-list success-table
  set mean-wages (sum item 1 wage-list) / (sum item 1 success-list)
  ask seekers [if my-wage != 0  [set NRI-SL-wage-pair lput (list NRI skill-level my-wage) NRI-SL-wage-pair]]
end 

to export-wage-data
  file-open "final-data.csv"
  let wage-list [ifelse-value [Nwage] of my-NGs != [] [max[Nwage] of my-NGs][0]] of seekers with [my-company != nobody and my-NGs != nobody]
  foreach wage-list [w -> file-print w ]
  file-close
end