bark beetle epidemic

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Screen_shot_2018-02-02_at_12.53.50_pm lin xiang (Author)

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DESIGN NOTES

  1. Starting # of beetles = 150
  2. Students can investigate a smaller or larger forest.
  3. Beetles can move up to 3 patches randomly in the forest every tick.
  4. Beetles only attack trees whose size is larger than 0.5
  5. The color of trees indicates the number of beetles infesting the tree.

Module rules

  1. The lifespan of a bark beetle is two hypothetical years (ticks). If it finds a proper host spruce tree, it produces two offspring and dies. If no host spruce trees are available, it dies at the age of 2.

  2. Bark beetles only attack spruce trees whose size is larger than 0.5.

  3. When the temperature increases, fewer bark beetles die in winter (at the end of a tick).

  4. As temperature increases, more bark beetles may produce one more offspring.

  5. When drought becomes severer, it takes fewer beetles to kill a host spruce tree.

  6. No relationships are defined between temperature and severity of drought (even it is likely in reality).

  7. The ratio of spruce and other trees in a forest is set and maintained by the Tree-Diversity slider.

Things to notice

  • It is important to examine the spruce tree population when defining an outbreak.

  • The y-axis upper bound automatically adjusts to fit in the data. Make sure to check the y-axis bounds when interpreting data.

  • The year buttons "200", "400", and "600", can be used to set a successive investigation on a certain variable with the precise time interval of 200 years.

  • Bark beetle population may crash due to no available host trees in a reachable distance. It is not a programming error but a normal emergent event of the model. It will happen more or less depending on the settings you use.

Related Models

Find more models at http://3dsciencemodeling.com

CREDITS AND REFERENCES

This module is made by Dr. Lin Xiang at Weber State University. If you mention this model in a publication, we ask that you include the citations below.

Xiang, L. (2017). Bark Beetle Epidemic. Zoology Department, Weber State University, Ogden, UT.

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Click to Run Model

;; Bark beetle epidemic model.
;;
;; Coded in 2017 by Lin Xiang; Last revised in 2021 by Lin Xiang (lxiang75@gmail.com; lin.xiang@uky.edu)

; lxiang75@gmail.com ; lin.xiang@uky.edu
;;
;; If you mention this model in a publication, we ask that you include the citations below.
;;
;; Xiang, L. (2017). Bark Beetle Epidemic. Zoology Department, Weber State University, Ogden, UT.
;;
;;-----------------------------------------
;;CREATIVE COMMONS LICENSE
;;This code is distributed by Lin Xiang under a Creative Commons License:
;;Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0)
;;https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
;;
;;-----------------------------------------


breed[spruces spruce]
breed[d-trees d-tree]
breed[beetles beetle]


beetles-own[age]
patches-own[hit]
globals [num-beetles dead-trees total-dead-trees]


;================================

to setup
  ca

  setup-patches

  ask patches
  [let tree-1 count spruces-here                                           ;find number of spruce trees
    let tree-2 count d-trees-here                                          ;find number of other trees
     if tree-1 = 0 and tree-2 = 0
      [ifelse random 100 < (100 - %-of-non-spruce-trees)
        [sprout-spruces 1                                                  ;find number of spruce trees
          [set shape "2spruce"
            set size 2.25 - random-float 2.25                                                  ;spruce tree size
            set color rgb 0 110 0
            setxy pxcor + random-float 0.5 pycor + random-float 0.5        ;sightly randomize spruce tree positions
            ]]
         [sprout-d-trees 1
          [set shape "tree2"
            set size 1.5
            set color rgb 0 90 0
            setxy pxcor + random-float 0.5 pycor + random-float 0.5
            ]]
         ]]

  create-beetles 150
  [setup-beetles]

  ifelse count beetles > 0 [set num-beetles count beetles][set num-beetles "There are no bark beetles in this forest."]

  reset-ticks
end 
;================================

to setup-d-trees-seedling
            set shape "tree2"
            set size 0.25
            set color rgb 0 85 0
            setxy pxcor + random-float 0.5 pycor + random-float 0.5
end 

to setup-spruces-seedling
   set shape "2spruce"
            set size 0.25
            set color rgb 0 110 0
            setxy pxcor + random-float 0.5 pycor + random-float 0.5 ;slightly randomize the tree position. This makes the forest look more natural but increase the max number of trees in a the simuation as each patch can have more than one trees.
end 

to setup-beetles                         ; set up initial beetle features, in which all beetles are at the age of 0
    set color 1
    set shape "bark-beetle"
    set size 0.3
    ;setxy (random-float 3)(random-float 3)
    setxy (random-xcor)(random-ycor)
    set age 0
end 

to setup-patches                                           ;set patches to certain drought level
  ask patches [
    set pcolor 36.5 + random-float (0.5 + (0.5 * Severity-of-Drought))
    ]
end 

;=================================

to go

  ;if count beetles = 0 [set num-beetles "There are no bark beetles in this forest." stop]

  ifelse count beetles > 0 [set num-beetles count beetles][set num-beetles "There are no bark beetles in this forest." stop]

  tree-grow
  infest
  patch-count
  set-tree-color
  beetle-migrate
  temperature-control
  beetle-death
  seedling
  count-dead-trees

  tick
end 


;==================================

to tree-grow                                  ; Spruces grow until size 2.25
  ask spruces
  [if size < 2.25 [set size size + 0.05]]
  ask d-trees
  [if size < 1.5 [set size size + 0.025]]
end 

to infest                                      ;Beetles detect trees avaiable in radius of 1.5. then migrate to one of the available spruces.
  ask beetles
     [let target-tree one-of spruces with [size > 0.5] in-radius 1.5     ;infest tree larger than 0.5
  ifelse target-tree != nobody
    [move-to target-tree
       hatch 2 [set age 0]                  ;If a beetle infests a mature tree, hatches 2 offspring and then dies.
          if random 100 < Temperature-increase * 2 [hatch 1 [set age 0]] ;If temperature increases, hatch one more beetle at the defined rate.
          die
        ]
    [ set age age + 1]                      ;If a beetle does not infests a mature tree, age increases 1
  ]
end 

to patch-count                                ;count how many beetles on a patch, use the number of beetles to indicate severity of infestation
  ask patches
  [set hit 0
    let num-bug count beetles-here
    set hit (num-bug * (10 + (Severity-of-Drought * 5)))]
end 

to set-tree-color                            ;determine severity of infestation. The number of beetles are associated to the tree color
  ask spruces
  [let redness [hit] of patch-here
    ifelse redness > 200
    [set dead-trees dead-trees + 1 die]
    [set color rgb redness 110 0]
  ]
end 

to seedling                                  ;seed new green trees at 5 percentage. the higher the seedling rate, the less likely the beetle population crashes.
  ask patches
  [let tree-1 count spruces-here
    let tree-2 count d-trees-here
     if tree-1 = 0 and tree-2 = 0
     [if random 1000 < 50
     [let tree-ratio count spruces / (count spruces + count d-trees + 1)
     ifelse tree-ratio * 100 < (100 - %-of-non-spruce-trees)
        [sprout-spruces 1
          [setup-spruces-seedling]]
        [sprout-d-trees 1
          [setup-d-trees-seedling]]
      ]]]

  if (100 - %-of-non-spruce-trees) = 100 [ask d-trees [die]]        ;clear other tree when diversity is low
end 

to beetle-death
  ask beetles with [age >= 2] [die]           ;If beetles with age of 2 or older die.
end 

to temperature-control                             ;Percentages of beetles die every year, related to the temperature increase.
  ask beetles
  [if random 100 > ((Temperature-increase * 2) + 50)
    [die]]
end 

to beetle-migrate
  ask beetles [
    rt random 360 fd 1 + random 3
    ]
end 

to count-dead-trees
  set total-dead-trees dead-trees
  set dead-trees 0
end 

There are 10 versions of this model.

Uploaded by When Description Download
lin xiang almost 2 years ago fix the pop-up window Download this version
lin xiang over 3 years ago fix the wrong upload Download this version
lin xiang over 3 years ago adjust the interface Download this version
lin xiang over 3 years ago adjust the interface Download this version
lin xiang almost 5 years ago adjust the parameter of beetle flight distance Download this version
lin xiang almost 5 years ago update the existing settings Download this version
lin xiang over 5 years ago reset the initial parameters Download this version
lin xiang almost 6 years ago Fix bug Download this version
lin xiang over 6 years ago Add in forest size Download this version
lin xiang over 7 years ago Initial upload Download this version

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